Wkład Petra Muchachowa (1861–1935)w rozwój inżynierii mechanicznej i metalurgii

Autor

  • Dmytro Zhurylo Narodowy Techniczny Uniwersytet Politechnika Charkowska image/svg+xml
  • Volodymyr Levchenko O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics image/svg+xml
  • Mykola Zaveriushchenko Narodowy Techniczny Uniwersytet Politechnika Charkowska image/svg+xml
  • Oleh Zhurylo Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics image/svg+xml

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.26.019.22708

Słowa kluczowe:

Ukraina, szkolnictwo wyższe, działalność pedagogiczna, inżynieria transportowa, Charkowski Instytut Technologiczny, Ukraiński Naukowo-Badawczy Instytut Metali, stal, żeliwo, działalność charytatywna, Charków, ciśnieniowa obróbka metali

Abstrakt

W drugiej połowie XIX wieku na całym świecie rozpoczęła się druga rewolucja przemysłowa. Jednym z jej osiągnięć było odkrycie nowych technologii wytopu stali: w piecach Bessemera i martenowskich, a także obróbki stali pod ciśnieniem. Znacznie obniżyło to koszty produkcji stali, która zaczęła być masowo wykorzystywana do produkcji szyn kolejowych. Koleje stały się na wiele lat głównym odbiorcą produktów hutnictwa żelaza. Rozwój kolei przyspieszył natomiast rozwój przemysłu maszynowego, przede wszystkim produkcji lokomotyw parowych i wagonów.

Ukraina, będąca częścią Imperium Rosyjskiego od zniesienia poddaństwa w 1861 roku, przeżyła boom kolejowy, który w drugiej połowie XIX wieku był powszechny w niemal wszystkich krajach Europy i Stanach Zjednoczonych.

W latach 80. i 90. XIX wieku na terenie współczesnej Ukrainy rozwinął się potężny jak na tamte czasy przemysł, który przed I wojną światową zapewniał m.in. wydobycie 72,2% rudy żelaza w całym Imperium Rosyjskim, 86,9% wydobycia węgla, 73% koksu, 77,6% produkcji sody, 75% produkcji kolejowej i 40% produkcji parowozów.

Pod względem długości koleje ukraińskie na początku XX wieku stanowiła mniej niż 19% kolei Imperium Rosyjskiego, ale zapewniała ponad 40% obrotu towarowego. Oznacza to, że koleje ukraińskie były eksploatowane około dwukrotnie intensywniej niż średnia krajowa.

Ukraińskie koleje odegrały kluczową rolę w rozwoju Donbasu i całego ukraińskiego przemysłu. W ostatniej tercji XIX wieku ani ukraińskie hutnictwo, ani przemysł węglowy i chemiczny, ani rodzima budowa maszyn nie mogły obejść się bez budowy kolei.

Dlatego dokumentowanie powstawania i rozwoju krajowej inżynierii transportowej, a także metalurgii, stanowi ważny etap w badaniach światowej historii nauki i techniki. Jedną z najwybitniejszych postaci w dziedzinie budowy parowozów i obróbki metali na gorąco był Petro Matwijowicz Muchachow – zasłużony profesor Charkowskiego Instytutu Technologicznego (ChTI), jego piąty dyrektor w latach 1905–1917 oraz pierwszy dyrektor Ukraińskiego Naukowo-Badawczego Instytutu Metali (UkrNIIMet) w latach 1928–1929.

Dzięki wytrwałej pracy Petra Muchachowa nauka o kolejnictwie znacznie się rozszerzyła, przede wszystkim w stronę dobrze zapowiadającej się produkcji parowozów i doskonalenia ich konstrukcji. Publikując obszerne tomy literatury specjalistycznej, wpłynął on znacząco na kształcenie naukowców i inżynierów w dziedzinie budowy parowozów i obróbki metali na gorąco. Jego uczniowie, kształceni w ChTI, pracowali następnie na kolei, w zakładach budowy maszyn i hutnictwie w całym Imperium Rosyjskim.

Biogramy autorów

  • Dmytro Zhurylo - Narodowy Techniczny Uniwersytet Politechnika Charkowska

    -

  • Volodymyr Levchenko - O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics

    -

  • Mykola Zaveriushchenko - Narodowy Techniczny Uniwersytet Politechnika Charkowska

    -

  • Oleh Zhurylo - Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics

    -

Bibliografia

Central Scientific and Technical Archive of Ukraine (CSTAU), f. 13, coll. 3–5, desc. 1, case 1: Report on the research work of topic “Development of the best proportions for bandage ingots and molds”, 1929, 54 sheets [in Ukrainian].

CSTAU, f. 13, coll. 3–5, desc. 1, case 11: Report on the research work of topic 24/28 “Implementation and efficiency of bearings with wooden inserts for rolling mills”, 1929, 26 sheets [in Ukrainian].

CSTAU, f. 13, coll. 3–5, desc. 1, case 21: Report on the research work of topic “Research of Ukrainian molding materials. Rationalization of molding materials at the plants: Kramatorsk plant named after Rykov, Sumy plant named after Frunze, “Bolshevik” Kyiv plant”, 1930, 152 sheets [in Ukrainian].

CSTAU f. 13, coll. 3–5, desc. 1, case 31: Use of talc stone for lining open-hearth and heating furnaces, 1929, 4 sheet [in Ukrainian].

CSTAU, f. 13, coll. 3–5, desc. 1, case 91: Report on research work 5/319 of topic “Study of service conditions of refractories in powerful open-hearth furnaces operating on fuel oil”, 1930, 69 sheets [in Ukrainian].

Central State Archive of the Supreme Authorities of Ukraine (CSASA), f. 34, desc. 14, case 1006: Correspondence with the Scientific Research Institute of Metals regarding the leave of Professor Mozharov, the state of the institute’s work, etc. 1929–1932, 171 sheets [in Ukrainian].

CSASA, f. 166, desc. 12, case 5183: Mukhachov Petro Matviiovych, 1 sheet [in Ukrainian].

CSASA, f. 331, desc. 2, case 93: Materials of the minutes of the Central Expert Commission for the Qualification of Scientific Workers Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6. January–December 1925, 269 sheet [in Ukrainian].

CSASA, f. 331, desc. 2, case 117: Lists of leading scientists of the Ukrainian SSR who received academic rations in 1935. December 11, 1934 – June 19, 1935, 37 sheets [in Ukrainian].

CSASA, f. 337, desc. 1, case 4063: Materials for the indicative plan for the distribution of ferrous metals among consumers for 1926/27, 1926, 19 sheet [in Ukrainian].

CSASA, f. 2201, desc. 5, case 16: Materials on the award of pensions to employees of the Mykolaiv, Kyiv and Kharkiv technical institutes (correspondence, formulary lists, certificates, applications, etc.), 188 sheet [in Ukrainian].

State Archives of the Kharkiv Region (SAKhR), f. 40, desc. 121, case 317: Kharkiv Spiritual Consistory. Parish registry book of births, marriages, deaths in the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (Kaplunivska) for 1911–14, 229 sheets. [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 40, desc. 121, case 399: Kharkiv Spiritual Consistory.Parish registry book of births, marriages, deaths in the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (Kaplunivska) for 1915–17, 314 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 770, desc. 1, case 106: Case on the use of part of the mechanical workshops for the premises of steam locomotive and mechanical departments, 5 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 770, desc. 1, case 146: On the graduation of the full course of study at the Institute by students with the title of engineer-technologist and technologist in the 1890–91 academic year, 38 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 770, desc. 1, case 359, 14 sheets, April 24 – June 7, 1900, 14 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 770, desc. 1, case 792: Museum property, 1902–1922, 81 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 770, desc. 1, case 799: Estimate and plan for the construction of a building for fireproof construction courses, 23 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. 770, desc. 1, case 801: Calculation workbook for the construction of a building for the courses in rural fireproof construction, 46 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. R-1682, desc. 1, case 1: Report on the state of the KhTI for 1916, 106 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. R-1682, desc.1, case 80: Orders of the Kharkiv Technological Institute for 1920, November 16 – December 31, 1920, 42 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. R-1682, desc. 1, case 94: KhTI. Orders for October 1921, 28 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. R-1682, desc. 1, case 113: Materials of the qualification commission for 1914–22. September 29, 1914 – November 25, 1922. Orders for October 1921, 158 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. R-1682, desc. 2, case 210: Personal file of P.M. Mukhachov, 513 sheets [in Russian].

SAKhR, f. R-1682, desc. 4, case 4802: List of graduates of the institute for the period 1890–1930, 104 sheets [in Ukrainian].

SAKhR, f. R-6532, desc. 21, case 765: Department of State Registration of Civil Status Acts for the City of Kharkiv. Alphabetical Journal of Death Registration for 1929, 133 sheets [in Ukrainian].

Anon1 1863: Address-calendar. General list of commanding and other officials in all administrations in the Empire and in the main administrations in the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Kingdom of Finland for 1863–64. Part 1, Part 2. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 775 pp. [in Russian].

Anon2 1875: Address-calendar. General list of commanding and other officials in all administrations of the Russian Empire for 1875. Part 1, Part 2. St. Petersburg, 753 pp. [in Russian].

Anon3 1880: Address-calendar. General list of commanding and other officials in all administrations of the Russian Empire for 1880. Part 1, Part 2. St. Petersburg, 778 pp. [in Russian].

Anon4 1891: Studеnty KHTI 1891 goda (khimicheskoye otdelenije) / List of 1891 graduates of KhTI of 1891 (Chemistry) [in Russian]. URL: http://library.kpi.kharkov.ua/vustavki/vipuskniki_khti/list1891.html (accessed 30.05.2026).

Anon5 1896: Album of participants of the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. St. Petersburg: Published by Shustov, Printing House of the Ministry of Railways, 470 pp. [in Russian].

Anon6 1896: Report on the state of the Kharkiv Technological Institute for 1896, 52 pp. [in Ukrainian].

Anon7 1898: All of St. Petersburg in 1898. Address and reference book of St. Petersburg. Published by A. Suvorin, 1550 pp. [in Russian].

Anon8 1899: All of St. Petersburg in 1899. Address and reference book of St. Petersburg. Published by A. Suvorin, 1640 pp. [in Russian].

Anon9 1901: List of persons who worked in the department of the Ministry of Public Education for 1901 [in Ukrainian].

Anon10 1903: Report on the state of the Kharkiv Technological Institute for 1903. Kharkiv: Printing house and lithography of Zilberberg. 1904, 58 pp. [in Ukrainian].

Anon11 1904: Bulletin of the Kharkiv Technological Institute of Emperor Alexander III. Part 2 [in Ukrainian].

Anon12 1908: Children’s holiday. Southern Region. April 18 [in Russian].

Anon13 1910: Report on the state of the Kharkiv Technological Institute for 1910. Kharkiv: Printing house and lithography of Zilberberg. 1911, 68 pp. [in Ukrainian].

Anon14 1913: Report on the state of the Kharkiv Technological Institute for 1913. Kharkiv: Printing house and lithography of Zilberberg. 1914, 58 pp. [in Ukrainian].

Anon15 1914: Report on the state of the Kharkiv Technological Institute for 1914. Kharkiv: Printing house and lithography of Zilberberg. 1915, 72 pp. [in Ukrainian].

Anon16 1927: Collection of laws and orders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of Ukraine for 1927. No. 19. Kharkiv: Official publication of the People’s Commissariat of Justice. June 3 [in Ukrainian].

Anon17 1928: Collection of laws and orders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of Ukraine for 1928. No. 30. Kharkiv: Official publication of the People’s Commissariat of Justice. December 22 [in Ukrainian].

Anon18 1930: All of Kharkiv. Kharkiv, 440 pp. [in Russian].

Anon19 1935: All of Kharkiv. Kharkiv, 350 pp. [in Russian].

Brockhaus; Efron 1897: Encyclopedic Dictionary. Vol. 21 [in Russian].

Kitaiev, Mikhail Nikolaevich 1929: Types of steam locomotives and tenders of normal railway tracks. Foreword by P.M. Mukhachov. Kharkiv: State Publishing House of Ukraine, 44 pp. [in Russian].

Kutsenko, Sergei Mitrofanovich 1967: Outstanding scientist, Honored Professor of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute Petro Matviiovych Mukhachov: report read by Prof. S.M. Kutsenko at the meeting of the Academic Council of the V.I. Lenin KhPI on May 11, 1962, dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Honored Professor of the Institute P.M. Mukhachov / S.M. Kutsenko, V.L. Terkan. Bulletin of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute: collection of scientific papers18(66): Locomotive construction, issue 1, pp. 6–12 [in Russian].

Melenevsky, Pavel Mikhailovich 1926: Basics of the English-Russian Technical Dictionary. Edited and with foreword by P.M. Mukhachov, M. I. Kuznetsov, N. L. Rubanovich.– Kharkiv: State Publishing House of Ukraine, 280 p. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1895: Theory and design of steam locomotives for normal track railways: compiled in relation to the programs of technological institutes: with an atlas of 40 tables and 6 tables of steam locomotive dimensions. Kharkiv: Printing house and lithography of M. Zilberberg and sons, 720 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1921: General course of heat engines. Kharkiv: Lithography of KhTI, without a year. Issue 1: Steam boilers, 45 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1922a: Curricula with explanatory notes for vocational schools and technical schools specializing in mechanical engineering. Kharkiv: Printing House of the People’s Commissariat of Education, 31 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1922b: General course of heat engines: in 2 issues. Kharkiv: Lithography of KhTI. Issue 2: Steam engines, 312 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1922c: Machine elements: in relation the course taught at the KhTI. Compiled by L. Geiler; edited by P. Mukhachov. Kharkiv: Lithography of KhTI, 161 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1923: Simple machines (in series: Library of industrial and technical knowledge). Kharkiv: Main Political and Educational Committee of the People’s Commissariat of Education. Path to enlightenment, 80 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1927a: Steam locomotives. Kyiv: State Publishing House of Ukraine. Issue 1, 414 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1927b: Steam locomotives: atlas: app. to the textbook Steam locomotives. Kyiv: State Publishing House of Ukraine, 102 pp. [in Russian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich 1931: Regulation of the stroke of steam-thermal heat [direct regulation]. Kharkiv: State Publishing Association of Ukraine: Technical publishing house, 83 pp. [in Ukrainian].

Mukhachov, Petro Matveevich The course of steam locomotives: atlas / P.M. Mukhachov. – Kharkiv: Lithography of M. Zilberberg, 169 ill. [in Russian].

Ostertag, Paul 1929a: Compressors and air blowers: theory, calculation and design. Vol. 1: Piston compressors and air blowers. Transl. from German under ed. of P.M. Mukhachov, V.M. Maizel. Kharkiv: Universal scientific publishing house, 206 pp. [in Russian].

Ostertag, Paul 1929b: Compressors and air blowers: theory, calculation and design. Vol. 2: Turbo compressors and turbo air blowers. Transl. from German under ed. of P.M. Mukhachov, V.M. Maizel. Kharkiv: Universal scientific publishing house., 180 pp. [in Russian].

Ostertag, Paul 1931: Compressors and air blowers. Theory, Calculation and Design (in German: Kolben- und Turbo- kompressoren. Theorie und Konstruktion). Vol. I: Turbo compressors and air blowers. Transl. from German under the ed. of P.M. Mukhachov, V.M. Maizel; foreword by P.M. Mukhachov, V.M. Maizel. Moscow–Leningrad: State Association of Book and Magazine Publishing Houses under the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Soviet Russian. 208 pp. [in Russian].

Savic, Zoran 2004: Vladimir Farmakovski (1880–1954). Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (“Lives and work of Serbian scientists” 9), pp. 1–45 [in Serbian].

Spassky, Pavel Khrisanfovich 1913: History of trade and industry in Russia. Vol. 2, Issue 7 Communication routes. St. Petersburg, 48 pp. [in Russian].

Yablonsky, P.O. (ed.) 1900: Address book of St. Petersburg for 1900. St. Petersburg: Leshtukov Steam Fast Printing House of P.O. Yablonsky. Leshtukov Lane, 13. 1899, 2460 pp. [in Russian].

Zaveriushchenko, Mykola Petrovich 2023: Professor P.M. Mukhachov: on the issue of defining the scientific and technical school of steam locomotive construction. Studies in history and philosophy of science and technology 32(2), pp. 67–76 [in Ukrainian].

Zhurylo, Alla Grygorivna 2008: On the 80th anniversary of the Ukrainian Institute of Metals. Metallurgy of Mechanical Engineering 6, pp. 2–5 [in Russian].

Zhurylo, Alla Grygorivna; Zhurylo, Dmytro Yuriyovich 2013: Outstanding Metallurgists and Founders of the Kharkiv Region. Brief essays: monograph. Kharkiv: Textbook of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic institute”, 260 pp.

Zhurylo, Dmytro Yuriyovich 2016: Formation and development of the Kharkiv Technological Institute in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Monograph. Kharkiv: Textbook of NTU “KhPI”, 264 pp. [in Russian].

Zhurylo, Dmytro Yuriyovich 2021: Tragic pages of life (about I.D. Derechynskyi). Monograph “Rehabilitated by history. Kharkiv region”. Book 3. Part 4. LLC “Golden Pages”. 832 p. Pp. 131–136 [in Ukrainian].

Zhurylo, Dmytro; Levchenko, Volodymyr 2023: Mikhail Ziegler, the First Professor of Metallurgy at Warsaw Polytechnic, and His Contribution for Developing our Knowledge about Steels. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 22, pp. 397–432. DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.23.011.17702.

Zhurylo, Dmytro; Levchenko, Volodymyr 2025: On the Contribution of Professor Vladimir Andreevich Mozharov to the Development of Metallurgy in the 20th Century. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 24, pp. 563–602. DOI: 10.4467/2543702XSHS.25.017.21855.

Opublikowane

14-10-2026

Numer

Dział

VARIA

Jak cytować

Wkład Petra Muchachowa (1861–1935)w rozwój inżynierii mechanicznej i metalurgii. (2026). Studia Historiae Scientiarum. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.26.019.22708

Podobne artykuły

1-10 z 197

Możesz również Rozpocznij zaawansowane wyszukiwanie podobieństw dla tego artykułu.