A Critical Comment on T.S. Kuhn’s Views about the So-called Copernican Revolution and Several Current Prejudices – Barriers in Scientific Communities

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.23.004.17695

Keywords:

Thomas Samuel Kuhn, Kuhnian research, Copernican revolution, Copernican studies, structure of scientific revolutions, hypothetico-deductive method of correspondence thinking, biography, autobiography, hypothetico-deductive method of Korespondenzdenken, critical analyses, content analysis, prejudices and barriers in scientific communities, Matthew effect in science, intellectual peripheries, intellectual centres, real and alleged centres, linguistic barriers, mental remnants of the cold war barriers, underdeveloped scientific communication, case study, methodology of historical sciences

Abstract

The article is a case study on the views of the famous T.S. Kuhn about the so-called Copernican revolution. Generally, Kuhn is presented as a very successful historian and philosopher of science: an author of world bestsellers. The division among his supporters, i.e. about so-called left-wing and right-wing Kuhnians, is recalled, and the fact that Kuhn himself vehemently dissociated from a large proportion of his adherents. It is also noted here, that in the last 30 years, in addition to abundant hagiographic literature on T. S. Kuhn, there have also been a few critical studies of Kuhn’s achievements.

The rest of the article presents the author’s critical analysis of Kuhn’s views on the so-called Copernican Revolution, which formed the basis of Kuhn’s scheme of scientific development presented in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962); i.e. the world’s most famous monograph in social sciences and humanities so far.

The criticism encompasses a genesis, content and reception of Kuhn’s views and the development of his interpretations. The analysis is carried out by the means of methodology of historical sciences and a scientific method, which the author describes as the hypothetico-deductive method of correspondence thinking.

The criticism is based on the author’s current publications (developed here further on), which were sadly unnoticed by the researchers, although presented in the world center for the Copernican research, and are available on the Internet freely.

This fact leads the author to the assumption that international Kuhnian research is underdeveloped seriously and that strong prejudices – barriers may exist in scientific circles, such as, e.g., primacy of number of citations (and other bibliometric indicators) over content analysis, the Matthew effect, the effect of alleged and actual scientific centers and peripheries, some mental remnants of the Cold War, as well as underdevelopment of scientific communication.

Author Biography

Michał Kokowski, Instytut Historii Nauki im. Ludwika i Aleksandra Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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Kokowski, Michał 1997b: On the Natanson’s Attempts to Create a Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. On the Occasion of Centenary of the Natanson’s Thermokinetic Principle (in Polish). Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 2, pp. 23–68.

Kokowski, Michał 1999a: Is Physics a Science of Ultimate Truths? Some Remarks to the Address Prof. Staruszkiewicz’s Paper „Absoluteness of Truth Discovered by Physics” Made in the Context of Popper’s Falsificationism and author’s Hypothetico-Deductive Method of Correspondence-Oriented Thinking (in Polish). Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce XXIV, pp. 106–128.

Kokowski, Michał 1999b: Between History and Science. A Critical Introduction to Methodology of History of Science (in: Polish). Prace Komisji Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności 1, pp. 73–86.

Kokowski, Michał 1999c: In Defence of the Method of Physics: The Hypothetico-Deductive Method of Korrespondenzdenken. [In:] Cachro, Kijania-Placek (eds.) 1999, p. 315. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/Kokowski-Cracow-1999.pdf (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2001a: Thomas S. Kuhn 1922-1996) and the issue of the Copernican Revolution (in Polish, with English Summary). Volume XXXIX of Studia Copernicana, pp. XV+397. (It is an extended and actualized version of Doctor’s Degree Thesis of 1997.) Warszawa: Instytut Historii Nauki PAN. See the website of the monograph, URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/kuhn_en.html. The book is available online, see: https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=41760 (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2001b: The English “Summary” of Kokowski 2001a. [In:] Kokowski 2001a, pp. 315–328. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/summ_kuhn.pdf, https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=41760.

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Kokowski, Michał (ed.) 2002: Ludwik Antoni Birkenmajer w stulecie wydania dzieła pt. Mikołaj Kopernik. Vol. 5 of Komisja Historii Nauki. Monografie. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności.

Kokowski, Michał 2004: Copernicus’s Originality: Towards Integration of Contemporary Copernican Studies. Warsaw – Cracow: Wydawnictwa IHN PAN, 2004; ISBN 83-86062-27-4 (Paper); pp. XIV + 314, ilus., tabl., bibls., apps., indexes). URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/originality_en.html (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2006a/2007a: Nicholas Copernicus in focus of interdisciplinary research. Organon 35 (2006), pp. 73–84; and Kokowski (ed.) 2007b, pp. 333–341. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/%7En1kokows/2nd_ICESHS/2ICESHS_Proceedings/Chapter_12/R-4_Kokowski.pdf (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał (Editor & Webmaster) 2007b [2006b]: The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS (Cracow, Poland, September 6–9, 2006) (E-book (with the online and CD-ROM versions); Cracow: The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2007). Online edition of the Proceedings: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/2nd_ICESHS/proceedings.html (launched in December 23, 2007 (updated version: January 14, 2008; accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2007c: The Quests for Copernicus’ grave. Reflections of advocatus diaboli (in Polish), Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 1/2007. URL: Part I (2nd ver.): https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/kokowski_grob_kopernika_1.pdf, Part II (2nd ver.): https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/kokowski_grob_kopernika_2.pdf (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2007–2012d: The Current Quest for Copernicus’ Grave: Doubts, Problems and Perspectives. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/poszukiwania_en.html (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2007e: A meta-history of science and methodology of the history of science urgently needed! [In:] Kokowski (ed.) 2007b [2006b], pp. 856–863. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/2nd_ICESHS/2ICESHS_Proceedings/Chapter_27/R-19_Kokowski.pdf (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2007f: Letters to the Editor (regarding W. Applebaum’s review (2006)). Isis 98(3), pp. 608–609. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521162.

Kokowski, Michał 2008a: About the mutual relationships between philosophy and natural sciences. A Dialogue with theses by prof. Jan Woleński, abp. prof. Józef Życiński and prof. Władysław Stróżewski (in Polish). Prace Komisji Filozofii Nauk Przyrodniczych PAU 3, pp. 19–54.

Kokowski, Michał 2008b: A cultural nature of great scientific changes (in Polish). Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa 1(175), pp. 83–102.

Kokowski, Michał 2009a: Władysław Natanson. Between physics and poetry (in Polish). [In:] W Służbie Nauki 15, pp. 89–115. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, Archiwum Nauki PAN i PAU.

Kokowski, Michał 2009b: The problem of continuity and discontinuity in the development of science from ancient times to the present: A reappraisal. Organon 41, pp. 267–298. The electronic version in: Hunger, Seebacher, Holzer 2010 [2008], pp. 227–254. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/Kokowski-Vien-2009.pdf (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2009c: Different faces of Nicholas Copernicus. Meetings with a history of interpretations (in Polish), pp. 676. Warsaw: Institute for the History of Science, PAS, Kraków: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. See the website of the monograph: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/oblicza_en.html (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2012a: The Different Strategies in the Historiography of Science. Tensions between Professional Research and Postmodern Ignorance. [In:] Roca-Rosell (ed.) 2012 [2010], pp. 27–33. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/Kokowski-Barcelona-2012.pdf (accessed on: 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2012b: Copernicus, Arabic Science, and the Scientific (R)evolution. [In:] Bala (ed.) 2012, pp. 55–72. DOI: 10.1057/9781137031730_4. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304793020_Copernicus_Arabic_Science_and_the_Scientific_Revolution#fullTextFileContent.

Kokowski, Michał (ed.) 2012c: The Nicolaus Copernicus grave mystery. A dialogue of experts (Cracow, 22–23 February 2010) (in Polish), pp. 320. Kraków: The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, The Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies.

Kokowski, Michał 2012d: About the defectiveness of the reasoning for the ultimate discovery of the remains of Nicolaus Copernicus. Results and interpretation of historical research, archaeological, anthropological and anthroposcopic research (in Polish). [In:] Kokowski (ed.) 2012c, pp. 177–215. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/kokowski_o_wadliwosci_1.pdf (accessed on 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2012e: About the defectiveness of the reasoning for the ultimate discovery of the remains of Nicolaus Copernicus. Results and interpretation of genealogical, historical and genetic research (in Polish). [In:] Kokowski (ed.) 2012c, pp. 217–314. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/kokowski_o_wadliwosci_2.pdf (accessed on 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał 2015a: Uniwersytet nowego humanizmu (University of New Humanism). Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa 1 (203), 2015, pp. 17–43. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/Kokowski-ZN-1-2015-2-Uniwersytet-nowego-humanizmu.pdf (accessed on 3 July, 2023).

Kokowski, Michał (ed.) 2015b: The Nicolaus Copernicus grave mystery. A dialog of experts (Kraków 22–23 II 2010). Edited by Michał Kokowski. Kraków: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences 2015; ISBN 978-83-7676-196-1 (hard cover), pp. 316. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/M.Kokowski-ed.-The-Nicolaus-Copernicus-grave-mystery-2015.pdf.

Kokowski, Michał 2015c: On the defectiveness of the argument for the finality of the discovery of the remains of Nicolaus Copernicus. Part 1: Results and interpretation of historical, archaeological, anthropological and anthroposcopic research. (Published in Polish in December 2012). [In:] Kokowski (ed.) 2015b, pp. 169–207. URL: https://home.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~n1kokows/M.Kokowski-On-the-defectiveness-1-169-207.pdf (accessed on 3 July, 2023).

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05-10-2023

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Kokowski, M. (2023). A Critical Comment on T.S. Kuhn’s Views about the So-called Copernican Revolution and Several Current Prejudices – Barriers in Scientific Communities. Studia Historiae Scientiarum, 22, 149–238. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.23.004.17695

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