Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in Russia and in the USSR: some aspects of translation and publication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.21.011.14042Słowa kluczowe:
Karol Darwin, przekłady i wydania O pochodzeniu gatunków w Rosji i ZSSR, kontekst społeczno-politycznyAbstrakt
O pochodzeniu gatunków Darwina w Rosji i ZSRR: niektóre aspekty tłumaczenia i publikacji
Tłumaczenie głównej i najbardziej znanej książki Ch. Darwina O pochodzeniu gatunków miała wielkie znaczenie dla recepcji i rozwoju jego teorii ewolucji w Rosji, a później w ZSRR, i to z wielu powodów. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano historię publikacji książki w języku rosyjskim w carskiej Rosji i Związku Radzieckim.
Pierwszego rosyjskiego tłumaczenia O pochodzeniu gatunków dokonał Siergiej A. Rachinsky w 1864 r. Do 1917 r. O powstawaniu gatunków ukazało się ponad dziesięć razy, w tym w pracach zebranych Darwina. Wydanie z lat 1907–1909 z Timiryazevem jako redaktorem miało najlepszą jakość tłumaczenia i redakcji naukowej. To tłumaczenie było używane we wszystkich kolejnych wydaniach sowieckich i poradzieckich. W sumie w czasach radzieckich O pochodzeniu gatunków ukazało się siedem razy i trzy razy jako część dzieł zebranych Darwina.
Od 1940 do 1987 roku, w wyniku dominacji Łysenkizmu w biologii radzieckiej, nie publikowano w ZSSR O pochodzeniu gatunków. W okresie poradzieckim książka ukazała się tylko dwa razy i wydarzyło się to już w XXI wieku. Mała liczba wydań głównej książki Darwina w czasach poradzieckich jest jedną z konsekwencji dyskredytacji teorii ewolucji w środkach masowego przekazu i przez rosyjski Kościół prawosławny, a także powstania neołysenkizmu.
Ogólny nakład dziewięciu przedrewolucyjnych wydań O pochodzeniu gatunków wynosił około 30 000–35 000 egzemplarzy. Tylko cztery wydania, które ukazały się w ZSRR w latach 1926–1937, osiągnęły łączny nakład 79 200 egzemplarzy. Dwa poradzieckie wydania, które ukazały się w 2001 i 2003, miały już nakład zaledwie 1000 egzemplarzy. Kolejne edycje w każdym okresie rosyjskiej historii były więc swoistą odpowiedzią na naukowe, polityczne i społeczne wymagania rosyjskiego społeczeństwa i państwa rosyjskiego.
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2021 Mikhail B. Konashev
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