Zeszyty Prasoznawcze (Media Research Issues) is one of the oldest Polish academic journals devoted to social, cultural, linguistic, psychological, political, legal, economic, technological, organizational and professional aspects of mass communication. Articles, research papers, surveys, reviews, documents and reports are published in Polish, English, French and German. The articles and papers are devoted to various aspects of journalism, media environment, advertising, public relations, propaganda, public opinion, journalistic rhetoric, the history of media, media systems, readership research and many other areas of social communication. WWW website | ISSN 0555-0025 | e-ISSN 2299-6362 | Frequency quarterly | MEiN points: 40
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„Plemiona sieci” – Internet jako medium społeczne i kulturowe
„The network Tribes” – Internet as a social and intercultural medium The Internet communication, including so-called cross-cultural communication, is undoubtedly technologically determined, but also shaped by the “premodern” social relations which were characterized by the dominance of individualism, referring to a sense of collective responsibility not to traditional reference groups (such as the state, the nation, the family and the Church), but to other, more precursory units of an unspecified nature (so-called “new tribes”, human communities of informal nature, the existence of which maintains a network of emotional dependence, comp. Michel Maffesoli (1988). The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society). However, it remains just as diverse as “offline” communication: it depends primarily on the social, cultural and psychological circumstances of its participants. The contemporary Internet promotes the technological development of cross-cultural social relations, allows for the formation of new social ties, but has no significant effect on their shape and their content.
Rycerze pióra? Michał Bałucki dziennikarz o etosie dziennikarzy
Knights of the pen? Michał Bałucki-journalist about the journalists’ ethos The text concerns a question of journalistic ethics from its historical perspective. Journalism and literature of the second half of 19th c. contains many references to the essence of journalistic professional code. The focus of analysis is on playwright, novelist, journalist and publisher – Michał Bałucki. The article uses his work as an example of meeting point of the noble ethics with the ethics of the new generation of professional journalists. This is an important moment for journalist of the 19th c. Retrospective look at this kind of reflections from that period is an attempt of analyses one of the stages of development of ideas about the essence of journalism in general.
Czy można odróżnić działania public relations od stronniczego dziennikarstwa?
Can one distinguish public relations activities from biased journalism? A play between politicians and journalists takes place on several levels, from basic services of press spokespersons, through a competition for attention, up to sophisticated techniques of spin and counter-spin. Politicians taking advice of public relations specialists and journalists form a common environment. Therefore a disturbing question arises, if one can tell the cases of biased, engaged journalism from the cases of biased, engaged public relations activities? A formal selection criterion seems to be quite simple: public relations specialists are subordinated to the management of an organization while journalists are free from such obligations. In this article an additional criterion was applied: public relations models by Grunig and Hunt were compared to models of journalism, which are based on different levels of influencing receivers. Publications of two Polish weeklies of opinion from the fourth quarter of 2012 were examined. The method of research was content analysis.
Audytywna reklama wyborcza – przeżytek czy konieczność?
Auditory election advertising – relic or necessity? In light of the selection criteria for the media for broadcasting advertisements, radio satisfies only some of them. These include: the possibility of repeating the message, low unit cost of the opportunity to hear the message or the mood in which the message is received. These criteria seem especially created for the radio as an advertising medium, including election advertisements. On the other hand, the radio satisfies the following criteria only to a negligible extent: probability that the message will be noticed or duration of the product life cycle. The satisfaction of the remaining criteria largely depends on the character of a radio station. Nevertheless, it seems that the advantages of auditory (radio) election advertising and the radio itself as its medium defend it against its total elimination from the tools of political communication during election campaigns. Auditory (radio) advertising will never again be the principal medium but rather one that will accompany other campaign activities. Yet it is still so significant that few will deliberately give it up.
Radioodbiornik – towarzysz codzienności. O „morning show” w ujęciu diachronicznym
Radio as partner in everyday life. About morning show in the diachronic approach Morning show, understood as a specific radio megagenre, since its dawn has tried to inscribe in the listeners’ environment of life by adjusting to the rhythm of their day but also by shaping their daily routines. This article analyses the origins of the identity of this type of programmes which date back to the times of the Golden Age of the American radio broadcasting. On the background of technological, economic and social conditioning of the era, it shows their historical changes in the years 1920-1950 of the XX c. However, the description of this evolution – from the morning shows with the underspecified “anatomy” and vague existence in the ether to the preforms such as participation programs – may be treated as a prelude to the understanding of the tendencies that determine the existence of the contemporary sequential broadcasts that are transmitted by radio at dawn.
We live in times when the mystery of human’s death and life becomes a big, almost every day’s subject to present means of social communication. The private observation of a media report shows us that this is a matter which is worth describing and discussing as it meets with great resonance on receivers not only due to writing it in periodization human’s development as a final stage but also due to prism of the issue’s commercialization. Each situation is a good opportunity to make the receiver associated with the subject matter. However, the way of its presentation makes a lot of objections in many scientific environments. The subject to death is given very rarely in mass media deepen by philosophical-religious reflection which is so important to proper human’s development. It is rather presented in violence images, murders, catastrophes, wars, conflicts or lately numerous terroristic attacks, which on the one hand arouses fear, on the other hand because of high mass media frequency makes the receiver accustomed to the view of death. And it leads to the receiver’s becoming indifferent. The man starts living as if death would be around him and using defense mechanisms tries to protect himself against accepting still painful for him truth about its finiteness and transience. Meanwhile, death is written in human’s existence independently of his worldview.
Ważność mediacji w sporze propagowana w mediach masowych na przykładzie rządowej kampanii społecznej „Masz prawo do mediacji”
The validity of mediation in the dispute promoted in the mass media as an example of government awareness campaign: You have the right to mediation Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) are becoming increasingly popular. One of the methods of ADR are mediations. They consist in making an attempt to reach a settlement or a mutually satisfactory resolution of a conflict through mediation – a third party, which is neutral towards all parties and subject of the conflict, designed to help work out a compromise. The survey conducted by the Ministry of Justice proved that mediation is not very well known by the Poles. The main reason for the lack of interest in this method of dispute resolution is insufficient knowledge among justice practitioners and the general public. In the absence of sufficient knowledge, lack of social acceptance for the extra-judicial settlement of disputes is also apparent. The Ministry of Justice decided to change this state in the government of PO in late 2011 and 2012, emphasizing the importance of this problem with a national, educational and informational social campaign, which circulated in the mass media and was entitled: You have the right to mediation.
Ekspert w mediach czy „ekspert” – interakcja między specjalistą, dziennikarzem i odbiorcą
An expert in the media or “expert” – the interaction between the specialist, journalist and recipient In mass communication specialist is put in a particular role, the person who will be a bridge between the world of insiders and reality of laymen. Experts provide journalists “raw material” which is then treated the characteristic way for the type of media (press, radio, television). The result of this processing specialist content is specified media product, often far away from what was the spirit and intent of reviewed expert. The content of this article is the analysis of these transformations on the basis of selected case studies, as well as more general reflection on the participation of scholars in the social discourse through the media. The procedure of evaluation, enabling verification of such person in the media was also pointed.
Znaczenie nowych nowych mediów w procesie zarządzania informacją
The importance of new media in the information management process The shape of modern PR, beyond social and organizational networking and hypertextuality, is also influenced by new new media. A specialist in public relations, when conducting discourse with the environment in a professional manner, not only cannot ignore the new new media, but must exist in it and also earn favor and trust of the users. It is these users that make the new media community. Membership to this community allows the individuality of its members to be saved. The ability to expose opinions and personality is an important feature of new new media, which a public relations specialist can skillfully use in the information management process. A contemporary PR specialist open to technological progress takes part in the creation of new new media. In this area, discourse has a dynamic character and the engagement of interlocutors does not allow for passivity. Passivity, however, may cause exclusion from the new media community. Existence and survival in new new media requires constant activity from an entity. The reward for this effort and also for the care for the course of dialogue is the effective management of the selected “crowd” within communication competence.
Moral discourses of mediatization The issues of moral order in a globalized communication world have special significance. The participation of the media in shaping it remains undisputed. Mediatization paradoxes perceived in the media oppression with their coincident positive valorization (information and knowledge, entertainment and fun) make the issue of demonstrating its complexity problematic. They are, after all, public service media, whose patterns are directly reflected in the practiced morality. The question whether/how it is possible to care about values in the mediasphere is a guiding principle of this reflection. In search of possible topics of its penetration I address the sender – receiver relation, reaching to the determinants which shape moral attitudes. In an attempt to define and expose them I concentrate on the issue of responsibility, in my opinion a primary category, whose optics allows us to determine the area of desired values, both individual and community ones. Built as a result of critical thinking and collectivization of knowledge it helps to shape moral sensibility. Analyzing the attitude of the journalist arising from their role I place the problem of axiological consequences in individual and social dimensions. I note that ethical reflection understood as a reflection on what we are doing, as a result of understanding the moral qualifications adopted in the interaction, leading to the formation of self-knowledge, enables shaping oneself as a moral entity. It opens areas of social solidarity and cooperation, expressed in the commitment and care by “being for”. The background of the article is a brief characteristics of mediatized reality based on selected sociophilosophical and communicological diagnoses (eg. Bauman, Beck, Bourdieu and Sloterdijk) supplemented with the ideas of Rorty and MacIntyre. The analyses of mediasphere by Vattimo and Castells constitute an important system of references. They are completed by a generalized description of the continually modified media offer, in which the receiver – the user and creator of the media at the same time, exposes his targeted or imposed choices. In such an organized narrative the sender is being examined through the prism of journalistic duties and their possible execution significantly determining certain interpretations of the proposed messages.
Kompetencje medialne i informacyjne: wybrane modelowe ujęcia i koncepcje
Comptence of media and information: some model approach and concepts The article presents some models of information and media competence in relation to psychological and sociological theories and areas of application of these competencies in various areas of social life of the individual.
Information Literacy and media education
Serwisy społecznościowe w przestrzeni internetowej – (social)mediatyzacja życia codziennego
Social media in Internet space – (social)mediatization of everyday life Nowadays, the importance of social media in our life is rapidly growing. Especially popular are social networking sites such as Facebook or Instagram. The article: Social network sites in the web space describes briefly social media, especially social network sites, and its role in our everyday life. It also describes how and why we use social network sites, and also what kind of risks (such as fear of missing out) we can experience because of that. The article is trying to answer the question if nowadays social network sites using is a choice or a necessity
Mediatyzacja przez aplikatyzację. Mobilna hybrydyzacja, wielozadaniowość i współdzielenie
The mediatization by afflicatization. Mobile hybridization, multitasking and sharing The aim of the article is to answer the question about the nature of the mediatization of everyday life which occurs through mobile media: smartphones and tablets and dedicated applications. Many spheres of peoples lives is subject to mobile mediatization and its regimes. Handheld devices accompany the increasingly wider spectrum of our activity. At the same time different activities intersect, overlap, and therefore hybridizes. It leads to a situation in which it is difficult to separate them from each other. Crossing applications (e.g. through their functionality or content) support this situation. The mediatization takes place through applicatization of everyday life. It can be analyzed using the concepts of textures and regimes of mediatization formulated by André Jansson. Selected areas of everyday human activity was tested using this tool. At the same time three textures of applicatized mobile communication, corresponding to different regimes: hybridization, multi-tasking and sharing were isolated and analyzed. The context of commercialization was included and a critical picture of the phenomena was highlighted.
Mediatization of life – in the process of ceaseless trans coding
The technological progress which dynamizes the process of mediatization, makes communication become transformed. Its main feature becomes imagery and rhetoricalness. Communiques are built on the basis of image and features of image which is a carrier of various functions, where the rhetorical persuasion is the main function. The present considerations are an analysis of examples of signs of mediatization of man and society as a phenomenon which is founded on the object of communiques formulated by man by means of digital media and communiques built without their contribution. A common feature of these acts of communication is imagery which seems to be a perennial tendency of the human mind and is visible already on the level of the language of words. Reflexions are a certain proposal of a direction of research of mediatization and many possible aspects, in which this process reveals itself, as well as contexts and interpretative prisms of rhetorical-philosophical conceptions.
Ontology of communication. A project This article is an attempt to construction of project ontology of communicaton in the context of new communication technologies. The author prefers the evolutionary approach to describe the phenomenon of communication. Ontology communication draws attention to the role of the apparatus of human perception and the impact of media technologies to strengthen its operation. Analyzes contained in the article refer to the concept of an evolutionary model of Karl R. Popper’s epistemological and the concept of the so-called soft determinism, that is, the model construction of the “alternative media” Paul Levinson. In the context of these concepts author presents his own attempt to ontology of communication.
The mediatization of life – an attempt to capture the phenomenon
The mediatization of the human life space is a consequence of both: the progress of media technologies and mass scale and pluralism of the media. This analysis is an attempt to show some aspects of mediatization processes of life, which I understand as a multi-faceted phenomenon in social communication using technical tools of symbolic forms of communication. These analyzes are probing scientific poll of this phenomenon based on both: empirical knowledge about the processes of technological change in the media, as well as based on the media theory and on the philosophical concepts of contemporary media space.
Ogólnopolskie Konfrontacje Dziennikarzy Pism Regionalnych. Wspomnienie
Ewa Migaczewska: Imperatyw zysku? O komercyjnym modelu przekazu medialnegoi jego twórcach (Joanna P. Bierówka) Magdalena Szpunar: Nowe – stare medium. Internet między tworzeniem nowych modeli komunikacyjnych a reprodukowaniem schematów komunikowania masowego (Wacław Branicki) Marta Juza:Kultura Internetu w Polsce. Od akademickich początków do upowszechnienia zjawiska (Ignacy S. Fiut) Jacek H. Kołodziej: Wartości polityczne. Rozpoznanie,rozumienie, komunikowanie (Mateusz Flont) Władysław Marek Kolasa, Grzegorz Nieć: Bibliografia historii prasy polskiego ruchu ludowego (Sabina Kwiecień) Tadeusz Kowalski: Zarządzanie w mediach (Jolanta Dzierżyńska-Mielczarek) Marina Sitrin i Dario Azzellini: Occupying language (occupied media pamphlet series): The secret rendezvous with history and the present (Michał Wilczewski)
Marsz „Obudź się, Polsko!” w relacjach polskich stacji telewizyjnych. Część II: Wieczorne serwisy informacyjne
“Wake up, Poland!” March in the Coverage of Polish Television Stations The article presents the results of a study devoted to the methods and manners of covering the “Wake up, Poland! (Obudź się, Polsko!)” march (held in Warsaw on September 29th, 2012) in Polish TV news programs. The research has covered the major evening news (“Wydarzenia” Polsat, “Fakty” TVN, “Panorama” TVP2, “Wiadomości” TVP1, “Informacje” TV Trwam) on the day preceding the event, then on the day when the event occurred place, and on the day after the event (28–30 September 2012). The collected material was analyzed in several aspects. The authors have pointed out the used interpretive frames, the diversity of the proposed contexts, the established audiences, objectivity and subjectivity of opinions as well as normativity and didacticism present in information. This article constitutes the second part of the study. The fi rst part, presenting the methodology of the survey and conclusions from live coverage, was published in the previous issue of Zeszyty Prasoznawcze. Both texts should be considered complementary.
Recenzja i reklama książki w kobiecym Zwierciadle (w latach 2001–2003)
Reviews and book advertisments in women’s Zwierciadło (2001–2003) Connections between the press and the book are known since the end of XVII century. Information about literature appeared in journals in different forms. In the beginning, these notices were mainly publisher advertisements and editorial reviews. Then, papers started to print episodic novels, stories, and poetry. Today, when book has to compete with other means of mass media including the Internet, the promotion of literature seems to be especially important. In this paper, two basic forms of book information are presented: reviews and editorial advertisements published in the magazine Zwierciadło between 2001 and 2003.
Prasowy wizerunek polskiej prezydencji w Radzie Unii Europejskiej
The press image of the Polish Presidency in the European Union Council The aim of this paper is to analyze media discourse on the Polish Presidency of the European Union Council. The sample is based on three major Polish weeklies of different political positions and editorial lines. The discursive perspective adopted in the article is based on a detailed analysis of the strategies used by these media outlets to construct particular, politically-based visions of reality. These differences in media representations of the Presidency, Poland and the European Union are the focus of this article.
„Musų Lietuva” czy „Nasza Litwa”? Retoryka dwóch nacjonalizmów na łamach czasopism o Litwie wydawanych przed I wojną światową
“Musų Lietuva” vs. “Our Lithuania”? Rhetoric of two nationalisms in selected journals about Lithuania published before the Great War The article focuses on the beginning of nationalistic rhetoric in Polish and Lithuanian journals published in 1883–1914. The contents and formal features of nationalistic journals published in Polish: Litwa (1908–1914), Kwartalnik Litewski (1910–1911), and Litwa i Ruś (1912–1913), were analyzed. Journals published in Lithuanian: Aušra (1883–1996), Šviesa (1887–1888, 1890) and Varpas (1889–1905) were described on the basis of reviews in the St. Petersburg journal Kraj. It was concluded that the Lithuanian national movement was infl uenced by some European ideological tendencies but the social changes, after the failure of the January’s Uprising, were its important inspirations as well. After fi nancial stabilization, Lithuanian migrants to the West, the most of them political refugees, supported Lithuanian nationalistic organizations. Their journals and program were addressed to a newly created Lithuanian middle class, more active than the Polish one at the time. The journals about Lithuania, edited by the Polish minority in Lithuania as its response to the Lithuanian nationalistic periodicals, were more elitist and provoked little interest of the Polish society.
Praca dziennikarska i społeczna Bolesława Busiakiewicza w latach 1916–1918
Journalism-related and social undertakings of Bolesław Busiakiewicz in the years 1916–1918 Bolesław Busiakiewicz, one of the most popular Łódź radio journalists, had his debut, during the First World War, in the pages of New Łódź Courier (Nowy Kurier Łódzki). In his articles, he touched upon the issues of the cultural and social life of the city. Being a declared music aficionado, he took the positions of chronicler and speaker of the Symphonic Orchestra of Łódź, which had been created in 1915. Right after the end of the war, he left the city. The next years of his life were spent in Poznań and Toruń. Busiakiewicz returned to Łódź in 1939. In 1945, he started cooperation with the local branch of the Polish Radio, where he was responsible, among others, for the significantly popular Music Quizzes.
„Felieton mocno jątrzący”, czyli cenzura wobec publicystyki Stefana Kisielewskiego (w latach 1957–1961)
“Highly exasperating column”, or the censorship directed against Stefan Kisielewski’s articles (from 1957 to 1961) The purpose of the study is to describe the scale of intervention of censors from the Provincial Office for the Control of the Press, Publications, and Entertainment based in Kraków and the Central Office for the Control of the Press, Publications, and Entertainment in Stefan Kisielewski’s articles printed in the pages of Tygodnik Powszechny in the years 1957–1961. The work is also an attempt to reconstruct the attitude of both the Provincial and Central Office for Control of the Press employees towards Kisielewski.
Inny czy Obcy? Dylematy wielokulturowości w reportażach afrykańskich Jeana Hatzfelda i Ryszarda Kapuścińskiego
The Other or the Alien? The dilemmas of multiculturalism in the reportages on Africa by Jean Hatzfeld and Ryszard Kapuściński The main purpose of this article is to discuss how Ryszard Kapuściński and Jean Hatzfeld present the major problems of contemporary Africa. My intention is to show how both authors write about the dilemmas of multiculturalism in the (post)modern world. I want to present the attitude of Hatzfeld and Kapuściński towards the Other, their methods of evaluation of the African reality as well as the way they defi ne the responsibilities and tasks of the postmodern mass media.
Od pierwotnej oralności do wtórnej piśmienności w epoce dominacji internetowego biasu
From primary orality to secondary literacy in the era of the dominance of Internet bias Scientists tend to overestimate writing as the primary form of language, while the oral communication is the primary form of the whole communication. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the crucial role of technologies such as writing in the thought processes and evolution of culture.
Wydarzenia medialne i maratony katastrof – jak trauma i terror zmieniają teorię komunikacji
Media events and disaster marathons: How trauma and terror influence communication theory The article offers an overview of concepts concerning media events and shows their evolution, influenced by traumatic events and changes in technology and organisation of broadcasting institutions. Both Polish and foreign media provide many examples that illustrate Elihu Katz and Daniel Dayan’s theory and its modifi cations. During the last 20 years semiotics-influenced media scholars and cultural studies researchers (B. Zelizer, E. Rothenbuhler, D. Kellner) have studied media events and the article presents the echoes of their academic discussions. Tamar Liebes’s concept of television’s disaster marathons explains how and why the live broadcasting of history is replaced by the live coverage of trauma, terror, and war.
Bibliological communication and the World Wide Web
The theme of the work is the bibliological communication understood as a process of placing books in social circulation. It consists of the following stages: creation of work, production, dissemination and reception of the book. The article attempts to answer the question about changes that take place in the model of bibliological communication and in its subject (book), when it is implemented in a Web environment, making full use of network capacity and hypertext. From the perspective of bibliological communication, i.e. referring to the concept and terminology of bibliological communication, it was possible to characterize and describe the phenomena of the use of digital and/or networked information technology in bibliological communication. The paper proposes a scheme of bibliological communication and describes the role and place of the Internet, the World Wide Web in particular, and the information technologies in the bibliological communication.The electronic book, digitized book, and/or networked book became a tool of communication. In addition, the course of bibliological communication changed and began to take digital and digital-network forms. The result of the analysis is a description of the two new forms of bibliological communication. The first of them was called digital bibliological communication. It was analyzed and characterized (i.e. its course and forms it may take) and a model of digital bibliological communication was also proposed. The second was called network bibliological communication. It was also the subject of description, and the author’s model of network bibliological communication was also proposed.
Wolność słowa, a potem wymówienie. Orzecznictwo strasburskie dotyczące granic swobody wypowiedzi dziennikarzy pozostających w stosunku pracy
Exercising the freedom of speech and being fired. Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) recent judgments concerning freedom of expression of the employed journalists, and its limitations This article deals with the problem of free expression of the representatives of the media. Basing on the record of judgments issued by the ECHR, the author tries to give an answer to the question: to what extent can journalists criticize their bosses, and later claim legality of the actions? A thesis is established in the article: in the light of ECHR jurisdiction, the critical expression of a journalist directed towards his or her principal is protected only in certain circumstances. The factors that have to be taken into consideration are: the nature of the speech, the language used, and the current position of the journalist. More importantly, “duties and responsibilities” oblige both employees of the public and the private broadcasting media.
Konferencja Naukowa „Zarządzanie mediami. Teoria i praktyka”, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków, 7 - 8 marca 2013 r. (Anna Modzelewska) Z Rocznika Historii Prasy Polskiej T. XVI (2013), z. 1 (31) (Adam Bańdo)